These delusional thoughts have traditionally been considered as false beliefs that are hard to modify, expressed with absolute conviction and not amenable to reason ( Freeman et al., 2013).
It can appear in a wide spectrum of disorders from individuals who do not have pathologies ( Penn et al., 1997), to people with delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychotic disorder induced by substances or drugs or personality disorders (e.g., paranoid personality disorder), among others ( Garety et al., 1999). Paranoid delusional thinking is one of the central symptoms of psychosis.
